This parallels recent findings that the NSSI gender prevalence gap is greatest during mid-adolescence due, in part, to adolescent girls’ significantly higher levels of psychological distress ( Wilkinson et al., 2022). Women are more likely than men to experience depression and anxiety and this gender difference is largest in mid-adolescence ( Salk, Hyde, & Abramson, 2017 Steel et al., 2014). Furthermore, internalizing symptomology is associated with NSSI in both clinical and non-clinical samples ( Cipriano, Cella, & Cotrufo, 2017 Valencia-Agudo, Burcher, Ezpeleta, & Kramer, 2018). Feelings of sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, and anxiety commonly precede NSSI and decrease afterwards ( Armey, Crowther, & Miller, 2011 Klonsky, 2009). Though the behavior can be driven by a range of motivations, it is most often used to alleviate negative affect ( Edmondson, Brennan, & House, 2016 Taylor et al., 2018). First, women may be more likely than men to experience feelings which precipitate NSSI. In the present study, we explore alternative explanations for the NSSI prevalence gap. However, research has yet to investigate the underlying reasons for this. Reports of gender differences in NSSI prevalence vary substantially across studies but meta-analytic findings indicate that women are significantly more likely than men to report NSSI ( Bresin & Schoenleber, 2015). As a result, NSSI in men is poorly understood. The literature on NSSI is heavily gendered research has focused on young women and girls, reinforcing assumptions of self-injury as a “feminine” behavior ( Brickman, 2004 Chandler, Myers, & Platt, 2011 Millard, 2013). Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is the direct and deliberate damage of the body without suicidal intent ( International Society for the Study of Self-Injury, 2018).
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